Built for Harmony: How Hanoks Reflect Korean Values

We began our day early with a trip to Gangneung to visit Seongyojang, a historic residence that belonged to four noble families during the Joseon Dynasty. The construction of the residence started in 1756 and was built in stages up to today. The estate consists of multiple buildings, each with a specific function, including a library, living quarters, and guest rooms. As we passed through the main gates, we encountered a striking pond: a square pool with a circular island at its center, symbolizing the relationship between earth and heaven. This layout reflects a traditional Korean worldview in which geometry carries cultural and spiritual meaning. 

Nearby, we saw a reception building partially extending over the pond, where the family once welcomed guests. The exterior was decorated with wooden plaques inscribed with poetry, which were gifts from visiting poets expressing gratitude for the family’s hospitality. Our guide emphasized that the estate was not designed to control or alter nature, but to exist in harmony with it. Seongyojang is also considered to have some of the best feng shui in Korea, located with mountains behind and a large lake in front. 

Before entering the living quarters, we noticed a row of chimneys built into the perimeter wall. These are part of the ondol, a traditional Korean underfloor heating system that channels warmth from the kitchen fire through flues beneath the floors. Inside the residence once used by the father of the household, a metal overhang provided a striking contrast to the otherwise traditional wooden structure. This element was a gift from Russian guests. While visiting, we had the chance to attend a beautiful live organ performance in this space. The combination of traditional architecture, natural surroundings, and music created a peaceful and moving experience. 

The layout of the estate reflects Confucian values, especially the social hierarchy embedded in family life. The buildings used by male family members are arranged by rank, with the head of the household occupying the highest space, followed by the sons and then other male relatives. Today, the descendants of the family still live on the property. The head of the household continues to open the estate to visitors, following the Confucian belief that nobility comes with the responsibility to serve the community. 

Throughout my time in Korea, I have experienced remarkable hospitality. Strangers on the street greet us warmly. Restaurant owners offer help with ordering and sometimes bring extra dishes to share. This generosity feels deeply rooted in Korean culture and is reflected not only in daily interactions but also in the design of spaces that prioritize welcome and connection. 

We stayed overnight in a hanok that would have traditionally housed a son of the family. Hanoks are thoughtfully designed to suit Korea’s climate and reflect a lifestyle rooted in harmony with nature. Constructed from natural materials such as wood and stone, they feature paper-covered doors and windows that allow for natural light and airflow. Curved tile roofs give hanoks their distinctive appearance. Wide eaves provide shade, while the raised foundations improve ventilation and reduce moisture buildup. These features enhance comfort and efficiency while reflecting sustainable design principles. 

The hanok’s layout forms a square courtyard, fostering a sense of community among family members. Inside, we slept on cushioned mats placed over heated floors. This tradition not only provides physical warmth but also symbolizes respect for the home, since shoes are removed before entering. Unlike in the West, where sleeping on the floor is often associated with camping or informal gatherings, it is part of daily life in Korea and is directly connected to the home’s architectural design. 

Unfortunately, hanoks have become increasingly rare due to Korea’s rapid industrialization. Many traditional homes have been destroyed, and government policies on hanok preservation have been inconsistent. In contrast, royal palaces and Buddhist temples have been better protected, perhaps because they are seen as major cultural and religious landmarks. Hanoks, once a common form of everyday housing, now face the risk of disappearing. Fortunately, recent efforts are being made to preserve and revitalize these historic homes. 

As I reflect on my stay, I see the hanok as a physical expression of Korean values: respect for nature, hierarchy within the family, hospitality, and balance. Even today, Korea’s built environment continues to be shaped by these principles. Modern architecture often incorporates natural materials such as wood. For example, in our hotel, the desk, closet, and couch all featured wooden elements. Although nearly 60 percent of the population now lives in high-rise apartments, many residential buildings still include design features inspired by traditional hanoks. These may include spatial efficiency, natural ventilation, and the integration of renewable energy systems. Such adaptations demonstrate how Korea is blending cultural tradition with contemporary environmental priorities.

In contrast, American architecture tends to prioritize modernity, complexity, and expansion. Space is often taken for granted, which is why American cities typically grow outward instead of upward. Design choices in the United States often focus on innovation and visual impact rather than natural harmony or efficient use of space. Staying in a hanok helped me realize how thoughtful architectural decisions like materials, layout, and even heating can shape the way people live and feel in a space. These choices reflect not just function, but a deeper cultural identity that is built into the environment itself.